tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71484671216974256202024-03-13T08:54:44.597-07:00Chinese Language & EtymologyTienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-44365726575422162332020-04-26T15:57:00.001-07:002020-04-29T12:29:03.078-07:00The proof of the abc conjecture<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 2.4pt;">
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The abc conjecture: there are a finite number of c (= a +
b), for <o:p></o:p></div>
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c > rad (abc)^ (1+ ε)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Or <o:p></o:p></div>
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c < K ε x rad (abc)^ (1+ ε) for ALL c.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Let a = d +/- d1 = (p^n x dp) +/- d1; dp is the largest
prime for d; d1 is the smallest integer for a to have a d.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Example: a = 17 = 18 – 1 = (3^2x 2) -1; 18 = d, d1 = -1, p =
3, n = 2<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Doing the same for b and c;<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b = e +/- e1 =
(q^m x ep) +/- e1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c = f +/- f1 =
(w^k x fp) +/- f1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The +/- can be replaced with + only while push – into the d1
(or f1, e1) if necessary.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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So, the rad (abc) = rad (a) rad (b) rad (c)<o:p></o:p></div>
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For rad (c) >= c, f1 ≠ 0 is the necessary condition.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For c >= rad (abc), f1 = 0 is the necessary condition;
that is, c cannot be a prime.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The sufficient condition (SC): rad (abc) = pqw (dp x ep x
fp) < C<o:p></o:p></div>
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Some scenarios can be evaluated for this sufficient
condition.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Scenario 1: if d1 = e1 = 0 and there is a h1 (a natural
number) while 1 < h1 < min {n, m, k}, then SC = true<o:p></o:p></div>
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Scenario 2: if d1 = 0 and there is a h2 (a natural number)
while 1 < h2 < min {n, m, k}, then SC = true<o:p></o:p></div>
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Scenario 3: if e1 = 0 and there is a h3 (a natural number)
while 1 < h3 < min {n, m, k}, then SC = true<o:p></o:p></div>
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Scenario 4: all other cases (the uncertainty).<o:p></o:p></div>
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All four cases, the SC = true.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For any give c (with f1 = 0, not a prime), there are S1
(meeting scenario 1), S2, S3 and S4.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Let S = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4<o:p></o:p></div>
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Now, {rad (abc) < c} = {for any c (not a prime, f1 = 0),
is S finite?}<o:p></o:p></div>
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A cop out way for the answer is by tossing a coin (selecting
an arbitrary c): head = true; tail = false.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Then, the P (S) = {tail (50%), head (50%)} after infinite
many tosses.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Now, we can make a cheating weight (ε ><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0, a real number) and add it to rad (abc) side
as {rad (abc) ^ (1+ ε)}.<o:p></o:p></div>
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With this cheating weight on the rad side as {rad (abc)^ (1+
ε) < C}, the P (S) = {tail (< 50%), head (> 50%)} of each toss. <o:p></o:p></div>
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After N tosses, P (S, N) = {tail (~ 0), head (~100)}; that
is, for any c (a real number while a + b = c) there is always a N (ε) for each
ε (a real number) to ensure that <o:p></o:p></div>
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{N (ε) x rad (abc)^ (1+ ε) > c}, N (ε) is the number of
toss needed for that (ε).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The above process can be proved in four steps: induction
(operational) progressive process.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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First, making the above simple tossing (selecting an
arbitrary c doing the actual search) process into a game, as follow.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Every game consists of T (=10) tosses, which produces (i
tails, j heads), T = i + j = 10 in this case. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So, P (SC = true) = j/T, P (SC = false) = i/T, P the
possibility of SC<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ΔP = P (SC = false)
- P (SC = true), <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If ΔP > 0, abc
conjecture is false.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If ΔP < 0, abc
conjecture is true<o:p></o:p></div>
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Let G = 1 when ΔP < 0; G = 0 when ΔP >= 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This game will be repeated N times.<o:p></o:p></div>
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When N = 1, G1 = (0 or 1)<o:p></o:p></div>
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N = 2, G2 = (0 or 1)<o:p></o:p></div>
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…<o:p></o:p></div>
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N = n, Gn = (0 or 1)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Let G’n = (number of 1) – (number of 0); {(number of 1) +
(number of 0) = n}<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Theorem 1</b>: If G’n
> 0 for all n > N (ε), (N (ε) a large number > 0), then abc conjecture
is true.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Second, the cheating: a cheating weight ε is added on one
side of the tossing coin.<o:p></o:p></div>
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That is:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ΔX = {rad
(abc)^ (1+ ε) - rad (abc)} = rad (abc)^ε<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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First principle (the indeterminacy): when ΔX = 0, the
average of ΔP = 0 after n games (n x T tosses) when n is a large number.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Theorem 2: when ΔX > 0, the average of ΔP < 0 after n
games (n x T tosses) when n is large. (This can be proved by actual calculation
and search with a finite n).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Third, the induction proof of theorem 1 and 2: in the above,
we have proved n = 1 and n = n. Now, by proofing that n = n + 1 is true, the
theorem is proved with induction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fourth, going beyond the induction: is there a math ghost
rascal which can sabotage the above induction proof? <o:p></o:p></div>
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The answer is no: a cheating game cannot be sabotaged even
by a ghost rascal; see the ghost rascal conjecture.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ghost-rascal
conjecture --- For a coin flipping (tossing) game (head vs tail), T is the
number times flip as one ‘game’, N is the number times that that ‘game’ is
played. If T >= 10 and N >= 10^500, then no amount of sabotage from a
Ghost can change the outcome of this game.<o:p></o:p></div>
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See, Ghost-rascal conjecture and the Ultimate Reality<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://prebabel.blogspot.com/2014/02/ghost-rascal-conjecture-and-ultimate.html">http://prebabel.blogspot.com/2014/02/ghost-rascal-conjecture-and-ultimate.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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That is, the induction proof of theorem 2 with a large n
cannot be sabotaged by any math ghost rascal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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With this ghost-rascal guarantee, there is always an N (ε)
for each ε (a real number) to ensure that {N (ε) x rad (abc) ^ (1+ ε) > c}
for ALL c (= a + b), N (ε) is the number of toss needed for that (ε).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The abc conjecture is now proved. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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But what does this abc conjecture mean in the number (or
physics) system?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Equation of Wonder</b>:
bigger the ΔX, smaller the ΔP < 0.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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For every c (= a + b)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Let a = d +/- d1 = (p^n x dp) +/- d1; dp is the largest
prime for d; d1 is the smallest integer for a to have a d.<o:p></o:p></div>
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b = e +/- e1 = (q^m x ep) +/- e1<o:p></o:p></div>
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c = f +/- f1 = (w^k x fp) +/- f1<o:p></o:p></div>
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Then {p, q, w, dp, ep, fp, d1, e1, f1, n, m, k} are the
players for the dynamics of rad (abc).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Let Q be the dynamics
of rad (abc) on those players.<o:p></o:p></div>
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With ΔX (on rad (abc)), there will be a ΔQ.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Corollary 1: ΔQ = | h/ ΔP |; the larger |ΔP < 0| is, the
stronger the possibility that abc conjecture is true. That is, the larger |ΔP
< 0| is, the smaller ΔQ is.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Now, the equation of wonder can be rewritten as: <o:p></o:p></div>
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ΔQ = h/ ΔX or
(ΔQ x ΔX = h), h is a real number and should be a constant.<o:p></o:p></div>
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|ΔP < 0| = h/ ΔQ is the possibility of whether there is
infinite SC {sufficient condition (SC): rad (abc) = pqw (dp x ep x fp) < c}
for an arbitrary c (= a + b). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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That is, |ΔP < 0| = h/ ΔQ really defines the internal
radical/prime dynamics for SC?<o:p></o:p></div>
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The equation {ΔQ x ΔX = h} shows that ΔP (internal
radical/prime dynamics) is <b>confined</b>
by ΔX (the cheating weight). <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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More info about this Equation of Wonder, see the derivation
of physics uncertainty equation via the number system at {Multiverse bubbles
are now all burst by the math of Nature, <a href="http://prebabel.blogspot.com/2013/10/multiverse-bubbles-are-now-all-burst-by.html">http://prebabel.blogspot.com/2013/10/multiverse-bubbles-are-now-all-burst-by.html</a>
}.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br /></div>
Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-56150322584198031112020-01-01T11:03:00.002-08:002020-01-01T11:03:34.264-08:00What is language?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Someone said: {Linguistics has four levels: Phonology,
Morphology, Syntax & Semantics referred to as the formal linguistics. The
issue of linguistics having three folds is contestable and arguable.}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He is kind of right in terms of human natural languages but is
wrong in linguistics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Someone also said: {only angel’s language is perfect}. This is
wrong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For these two comments, I decided to write a very brief
discussion here about {what linguistics (language) is}.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While most of the members of this forum are human language
linguists, I will discuss this linguistics issue in its rightful scope (much
bigger than the human languages). You (the readers) need not get into it too
deep. But a superficial understanding of the SCOPE of linguistics is necessary
even for discussing the human languages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For a system T, it is a language if it can describe a system U
(universe).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In general, U is not T. However, U is T is still meeting the
above definition. Yet, this self-mapping will not be discussed here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With the above definition, the FIRST question will be {what is
the smallest T?}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Example: T has only one token, such as {1}. U has three members:
{apple, orange, egg}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can T describe U? The answer is Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For apple = 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orange = 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egg = 111<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, the system T (with only one token) can be a language for U
(with three members).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next question is {what is the biggest U?}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How about U = the entire natural universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, we do not truly know what the {entire nature universe}
is and thus are unable to deal with it analytically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fortunately, we can describe some known universes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U1 = computable universe; everything (members) in U1 is
computable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U2 = U1 (computable) + un-computable universe; some members in
U2 are not reachable by any computing algorithm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U3 = U2 + countable infinite universe;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U4 = U3 + uncountable infinite universe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then, the third question will be {what kind of language system
is needed for those universes?}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can the above T {1, with only one token} be the language of U1?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The answer is NO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet, there is a math theorem (proved) that a two token system
can be the language for U1. That is, T2 = {two tokens, such as (0, 1), (yin,
yang), (man, woman), etc.}. This is a proven math theorem, and I thus will not
provide any further explanation here. But, most of the high school students
today know that only two codes are needed for all computing universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then, can the language T2 describe the U2 (including the
un-computable)? Anyone who can read definition knows the answer right the way.
It is a big NO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then, what kind of language system is needed for U2, U3, and U4?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The answers are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For U3, T3 must have 4-codes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For U4, T4 must have 7-codes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Again, you (the readers) need not get into the above too deep,
just understanding that the above issues are parts of linguistics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With the above, we, now, have the 4th question: {is the U4 the
biggest U (universe)?} And, can T4 (the language of U4) be able to describe a U
bigger than U4?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The MOST of answers is NEGATIVE.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Christian theology, God is totally incomprehensible (thus
only faith can reach God); that is, God is beyond the U4 and T4 (the largest
human language).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Zen Buddhism, the highest wisdom (the Nirvana) is beyond the
description of human language (T4) and can be reached only via <b><i>kōan</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In math, there are Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, saying that
there is always a math statement outside of the entire math universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The three above show that there is something unreachable by the
largest REAL language system. That is, we can now define {what is the ‘perfect
language’?}.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{Perfect language is a language which can describe ‘that thing’
which is beyond the U4.}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With a clear definition, we now can address the issue of
‘perfect language (PL)’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is PL an ontological reality? If it is, how can we show it?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For a linguist who studies human natural language only, he needs
not to get into the depth of the above issues. But the above issues nonetheless
are the foundations of ALL (any) linguistics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The key points of my book {Linguistics Manifesto} discuss the
above issues. I strongly discourage the readers to read that book. However, if
you are interested in some detailed arguments, it is available at many Ivy
League university libraries (such as Harvard, Columbia, Cornell, etc.; see </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/linguistics-manifesto-universal-language-the-super-unified-linguistic-theory/oclc/688487196">https://www.worldcat.org/title/linguistics-manifesto-universal-language-the-super-unified-linguistic-theory/oclc/688487196</a></span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The conclusion is that the HUMAN natural language is bigger than
the entire math universe and is able to describe ‘that something’ of Zen
Nirvana or of God of Christian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That is, we can now not only describe the ontological issue of
‘perfect language’ but is about the perfect language in terms of human natural
language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The universal language, the dream of all linguists; <o:p></o:p></div>
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Key for AI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
computational …<o:p></o:p></div>
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God said: there was a PreBabel (universal) language.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Here it is; see my new book {PreBabel --- The universal and
perfect language}.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A review copy is now available at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/prebabel-the-universal.pdf">https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/prebabel-the-universal.pdf</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-40987938960968306762019-12-08T15:23:00.002-08:002019-12-10T21:21:37.218-08:00PreBabel --- the universal & perfect languageI just published a new book {PreBabel --- the universal & perfect language}, and the pdf file of this book is available at <a href="https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/prebabel.pdf" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/prebabel.pdf</a> <br />
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<br />Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-21973860470707490132015-11-21T21:26:00.004-08:002020-10-18T17:12:35.033-07:00An overview on the New Chinese Etymology<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This blog was written in piecemeal (from April 3, 2011, to March
12, 2014) while it does cover most of the issues of this “New Chinese Etymology”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Recently, I have written the most comprehensive and the most
systemic introduction on this New Chinese Etymology, and it consists of 10
parts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 1:
Historical fact on the plan of abolishing the Chinese character system (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-one-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-one-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 2: The
discovery of Chinese etymology: the publication of three books by Tienzen
(Jeh-Tween) Gong (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-two-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-two-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 3: The
solid example of mastering Chinese written system in 90 days (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-three-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-three-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 4:
Prevented a detrimental disaster of mankind (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-four-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-four-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 5: The
lying and </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">plagiarism on Chinese etymology: (</span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">誤人子弟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">), (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-five-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-five-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 6: The
correct Chinese language grammar (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-six-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-six-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Part 7: Free books on Chinese culture and Chinese language (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-seven-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-seven-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Part 8: Free lessons on Chinese etymology: examples and
theoretical framework (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-eight-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introduction-chinese-etymology-part-eight-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 9: Wrong
to the young students! (</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">誤人子弟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">)! Part two (</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/wrong-young-students-%E8%AA%A4-%E4%BA%BA-%E5%AD%90-%E5%BC%9F-part-two-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/wrong-young-students-%E8%AA%A4-%E4%BA%BA-%E5%AD%90-%E5%BC%9F-part-two-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Part 10: Four-tones (</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">四聲</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">):
homophones (</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">同音字</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">): homographs (</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">破音</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)} below
(</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/four-tones-%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2-homophones-%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97-homographs-%E7%A0%B4%E9%9F%B3-jeh-tween-gong"><span style="color: #8c68cb; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/four-tones-%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2-homophones-%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97-homographs-%E7%A0%B4%E9%9F%B3-jeh-tween-gong</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I also wrote a few more books on related issues, and they are
available for free download. Their download links are available in those
articles above.</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">論</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">First, the 論語: the original Chinese Text, English translation and some discussions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">Second, 易經 (Yijing): the original Chinese text, English translation and some discussions.</span></div>
<span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">Third, 道德经 (Tao Te Jing): original Chinese text and English translation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Fourth, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">沉冤大白</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(Part Three): The Great Vindications ( </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Fifth, ‘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">西廂記</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">’</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">漢語</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> ‘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">文法</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">’</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">大全</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t2059.html">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t2059.html</a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">or </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/chinese_grammar.pdf </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-62181731720272088822014-03-12T21:42:00.001-07:002019-06-25T11:50:48.503-07:00論 語 (Confucius --- the Analects), a new Translation<div class="MsoNormal">
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Confucianism was and still is the backbone of Chinese
culture. The <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span>
<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span>
(Confucius --- the Analects) is the nutshell of the Confucianism. Yet, 100% of
middle school Chinese language teachers both in China and in Taiwan does not
read <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span>
<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span> in its entirety, and they cannot
understand 50% of the book as they no longer understand the Chinese language at
that level. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Before the 1920s,
85% of the population in China were illiterate, but that 15 % were able to
understand the entire ‘scope’ of the Chinese language. Today, the Chinese government
claimed that 85% of the population in China are now literate (able to read and
write on the street talk level, no more classic canons). Yet, 99.99% of this
literate population cannot understand <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span> by reading even with the help of a dictionary. That is, with the
1920s standard, the illiterate rate on the Chinese language is now 99.999%. <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span> is only about 1/20 the length of
Bible. While many Westerners did read the Bible in its entirety and have no problem
of understand its language, it is truly a shame that 99.99% of the Chinese
population cannot understand the language of <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span>, let alone to appreciate its essence and its spirits. This
shameful situation was brought by the May 4<sup>th</sup> movement, led by <span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">胡</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">適、</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陈</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">獨</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">秀、</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鲁</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">迅、</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">钱</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">玄</span>
<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同</span>
in 1919. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">胡</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">適</span> brought up the slogan ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">打</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">孔</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">家</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">店</span> [“Smash the Confucius’ flea market (swap
meet) "]’; then it became a new cultural movement (see, <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8">http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8</a>
). In addition to outcaste the Confucianism as the malignant tumor in Chinese
culture, it killed the Chinese language proper, and everything which remains is
the ‘street talk’ language. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Thus, I have two missions for translating the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Allowing
the Westerners to read and to understand the nutshell of Confucianism.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Allowing
the Chinese to read and to understand <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">論</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">語</span>, as there is not much chance for them to understand it with their
Chinese language. The English translation will help them to jump over that
great canyon. At the same time, it will provide them a chance to learn that great
language.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This new translation is available at <a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/confucius-the-analects-a-new-translation-t2062.html">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/confucius-the-analects-a-new-translation-t2062.html</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-60675905714836351302014-01-15T13:28:00.002-08:002019-06-25T11:51:57.744-07:00The accurate Chinese grammar<div class="MsoNormal">
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Chinese grammar is a very big subject.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Before the May 4<sup>th</sup>
movement, the Chinese language had reached the zenith height in the writings,
without ever discussing the English-type grammar. That is, there is a Chinese grammar
of its own. Yet, after the May 4<sup>th</sup> movement, the Chinese grammar was
squeezed into the English-like grammar structure, and no one knows the true
Chinese grammar anymore today. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Yet, discussing Chinese grammar in theory is not easily understood
by even the native Chinese now. Thus, I have used ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">西廂記</span>’ as the
source of examples to describe the Chinese sentence ‘structure’, for two
reasons.<o:p></o:p></div>
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First, it almost encompasses all types of Chinese sentences (<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">它卻幾乎包含了</span> ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">漢文</span>’ <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">的全部文體)。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">對白</span> --- <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">白話體</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">詩</span> --- <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">律體</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">文言</span> --- <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">散體</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">詞</span> --- <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">詞是從詩律中</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">解放出來的。不受字數限制。但仍講究音韻。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">曲</span> ---<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">譜成</span>‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">曲調</span>’ <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">的詞</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Second, it is a very short novel which has only about 50,000 words
(‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">西廂</span>’ <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">是一本很有趣的愛情故事。篇幅也很短</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">約僅五萬字</span>) which is only about 1/20 of the
length of ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">紅樓夢</span>’ <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span> That is, students can easily
read it over and over. <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Yet, this new book “‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">西廂記</span>’:
<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">漢語</span> ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文法</span>’ <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大全</span> (Chinese Grammar)” teaches ‘Chinese grammar’
to those who must already be able to read the current Chinese newspaper, as
this great classic novel ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">西廂記</span>’ is used as the example material for analyzing
the Chinese sentences. I have made the entire boob of ‘<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">西廂記</span>’ available
in this book. I also made some glossary explanations (<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">註解</span>) which
help the reader to read the novel easier.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The earlier version of the book is available at <a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t2059.html">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t2059.html</a>
. Now, the pdf file of this book is available for the readers of this blog
(free of charge, valued at $80), as a token of appreciation for everyone’s
devotion of learning or teaching Chinese language, and it can be downloaded at <a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/Chinese_grammar.pdf">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/Chinese_grammar.pdf</a> . The pdf
file has a larger and better-looking font than the web page can provide and has
the latest version.<o:p></o:p></div>
Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-81437139541496450912012-12-22T15:58:00.003-08:002019-06-25T11:52:39.611-07:00The great Vindications<br />
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The Chinese language was accused as the worst language in the
world by both the Chinese philologists and the Western sinologists. Yet, at the
time of my initial work on “Chinese etymology”, I did not know about the above
fact. After I learned that fact, I have written some weekly newsletters on the
issue, and they were posted in this blog. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Two months ago, I met a few Chinese at LinkedIn while they
were discussing the book <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">紅樓夢</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">”</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal;">.
I found out that that book was also wronged for the past 200 years. Worst yet,
those who wrong that book are the same people who wrong the Chinese written
system. Thus, I have decided to write a book to vindicate these two (Chinese
language and </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">紅樓夢</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal;">).
Now, the first draft of this book is done and is available via the links
provided. The first two parts of the book are written in Chinese. The part
three is written in English.</span></em><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 沉冤大白</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 26.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 26.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"> (the great Vindications)</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">---- </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">為 “紅樓夢” 與 “漢語文” 平冤</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">(</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part one) 沉冤大白 --- 為 “紅樓夢”平冤 </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;">(<a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t227.html">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t227.html</a>)</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第一章: 評 “紅樓夢” 的 三大原則</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第二章: 普世價</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">值</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">一 (宿命與自由意志) </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第三章: 普世價</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">值</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">二 (性事、愛情 與 儒家神學) </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第四章: 先評 “中國的三大奇書” </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第五章: “紅樓夢” 的宗旨 --- 三綱</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第六章: 原書 與 續集</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;">
<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第七章: “紅樓” 的仙佛世界 與塵世的因果報應</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第八章: 色、 情、 淫與 意淫 (一) </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第九章: 色、 情、 淫與 意淫 (二) </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十章: 色、 情、 淫與 意淫 (三) </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十一章: 紅樓中的儒家禮教</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十二章: 紅樓中的仙佛因果與緯讖</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十三章: 高鶚的續集 與 老紅學</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(Part two) 沉冤大白 --- 為
“漢語文” 平冤</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;">(<a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t228.html">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/topic-t228.html</a>)
<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十四章: 百年沉冤 “漢語文” </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十五章: 語言學的 夢想</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十六章: “一二三萬” 的語文</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十七章: 丟死人的 “沉冤” </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十八章: 最偉大與完美的 “語法” </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第十九章: 最偉大的語文</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(Part Three) 沉冤大白: The new Chinese Etymology</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 16.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;">(<a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/part-three-the-new-chinese-etymology-t229.html">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/chinese-idioms/part-three-the-new-chinese-etymology-t229.html</a>)
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 20 ---- The
background history before this new Chinese etymology </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 21 ---- The claims
of this new Chinese etymology </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 22 ---- The
only axiomatic human language </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 23 ---- About 形 聲(phonetic loan) and 會 意(sense
determinators), </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 24 ----
Accommodating a verbal universe by the written system </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">Chapter 25 ---- The
evolution of Chinese etymology and the verifications of four premises</span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 26 ---- The
Conceptual Language and Super Unified Linguistics paradigm </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 27 ---- Wrong to
the young students! (誤 人 子 弟)! </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chapter 28 ---- 500
examples of this new Chinese etymology (available in paperback only)</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-84569146275736767022012-09-01T12:43:00.001-07:002019-06-25T11:53:44.915-07:00Bibliography of Chinese etymology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Someone is still saying that radicals are known for
thousands of years, and this new etymology is not new at all. I have given a
detailed discussion on this issue in the article “The proper perspective of
this new Chinese etymology, <a href="http://chineselanguageetymology.blogspot.com/2011/05/proper-perspective-of-this-new-chinese.html">http://chineselanguageetymology.blogspot.com/2011/05/proper-perspective-of-this-new-chinese.html</a>”
. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this article, I will provide more
bibliography on this issue for your convenience.</div>
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In the article, “PreBabel (Chinese), <a href="http://www.prebabel.info/bab015.htm">http://www.prebabel.info/bab015.htm</a>”,
I discussed three points:</div>
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1. The current (traditional) Chinese character system <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(the </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隸</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">書</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">) was a revolution, not an evolution from the Oracle
Characters --> Bronze Characters --> Large seal characters --> Small
seal characters. The supporting evidence of this was the story of interactions
between the </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">秦</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">始</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">皇</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> (</span>Emperor
Qin Shi Huang), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">王</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">次</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">仲</span> (<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/201945.htm">http://baike.baidu.com/view/201945.htm</a>
) and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">程</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">邈</span> (<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/97773.htm">http://baike.baidu.com/view/97773.htm</a>
). Thus, anyone who describes the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隸</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">書</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> with
Oracle characters are </span>the same as describing the human evolution with the
facts of Neanderthal, and this is exactly what the "old school" is
all about.</div>
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2. The greatest Chinese philologists did not know about this
new Chinese etymology. The best example is about 王 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">安</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">石</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2515.htm">http://baike.baidu.com/view/2515.htm </a></span>
, one of the greatest philologist in Chinese history) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and his <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">book <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">字</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "gulim" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim;"> (<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/420769.htm">http://baike.baidu.com/view/420769.htm</a>
, which turned out to be a laughing-stock). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim;">3. The greatest Chinese philologists
in the 1930s were despising Chinese character system, viewing it as the feces and
the shame of Chinese people. The following sites provide the evidence on this.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>i. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">近</span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">现代文化名人对汉字的诅咒</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ---<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(<a href="http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/worldlook/1/178259.shtml">http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/worldlook/1/178259.shtml</a>
)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鲁迅欲消灭汉字</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>---<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<a href="http://www.kanzhongguo.com/news/12/04/14/447923.html?%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%AC%B2%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AD%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%28%E5%9B%BE%29">http://www.kanzhongguo.com/news/12/04/14/447923.html?%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E6%AC%B2%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AD%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%28%E5%9B%BE%29</a>
) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>iii. </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">郭沫若、蔡元培</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等人的</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"消滅漢字宣言"</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> --- (<a href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/phorum/read.php?4,73347">http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/phorum/read.php?4,73347</a>
) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">More detail on this, please read the article “</span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">李敖</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">與無知的</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">魯</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">迅, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://tienzengong.pixnet.net/blog/post/35566874">http://tienzengong.pixnet.net/blog/post/35566874</a>”.
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With the evidence above, if anyone still believes that this new
Chinese etymology was known long ago and is not new, then so be it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-26733135126943487002012-06-13T17:10:00.002-07:002019-06-25T11:55:51.839-07:00A fair review<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Wayne Walter used this system and
gave a fair review. The following is quoted from his review, posted on a discussion forum.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“FYI, I purchased the book [Chinese Etymology] and agree
with Volapuk49 with one additional information...</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Volupuk49 said, "I suspect that
the author is on to something valuable but unfortunately, at this point in my
studies, I am not willing to make the effort to decipher ... "</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now that I have the book, I have taken
some time to figure out what is valuable.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After discussing with several native
Chinese, they agree the information is valuable in the following way:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Most Chinese recognize characters are
composed of different other roots which often are standalone characters of
which the meaning is commonly understood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, many characters have
ideographic symbols included in them which, while repeated in other characters,
never exist as standalone and the meaning has been lost to the average (even
well educated) Chinese person.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Additionally, many symbols that exist
as standalone characters and form parts of other characters had their meaning
change over time so that the meaning is very different when included inside
another character.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Note: My earlier post was incorrect in
that the professor never said that all characters contain sounds. But he does
include sound.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What the professor, (through email
correspondence), has convinced us that he can do is really tell how the meaning
and writing of a character evolved to what it is today. …</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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What he successfully accomplished
while personally teaching students in class is enough "critical mass"
of understanding of etymology and the evolution of characters so that students
can "decode" the meaning of new characters they never saw before.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How is this useful to me....</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I personally want to know all the
symbols individually that can construct any characters. His list of 220 symbols
has been proven to cover EVERY single character that exists.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In other words, once you learn the
220, you'll never see a character that looks completely foreign.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Plus, with some practice, (and support
from Dr. Gong) you can get the "hang of" decoding characters based on
these.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It seems, personally, that reading
about ancient Chinese culture and habits helps a great deal to decode
characters. …</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Additionally, learning the roots that
related to Chi, (energy) like blocked Chi, unblock Chi, week Chi, etc. unlocks
greater meaning from characters.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I'm personally creating a much more
approachable beginners guide to how this all works. I have proposed to
Professor Gong to collaborate. FYI, I'm a trained language teacher and speak and
teach French and Spanish as well as my native English. …</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hey, would anyone else would like to
join in this effort? If so, I can give
you an outline of how I will approach it to make it easy and useful. And I
would love ideas, input and feedback.</div>
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<br /></div>
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I will follow a style like the book
Reading and Writing Chinese but with some major differences and an emphasis on
teaching the roots primarily with enough examples and etymology so the beginner
gets immediate satisfaction with understanding the compositions of popular
characters.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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The original discussion about this
review is available at <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";"><a href="http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/post1575.html#p1575">http://www.chineselanguageforums.com/post1575.html#p1575</a>
</span></div>
Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-88161136342980529652011-06-10T23:10:00.000-07:002019-06-25T11:56:28.226-07:00Mastering Chinese character set in 90 days<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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As the premise 4 is valid (being the direct deduction of the first three premises), the premise five (5) must be valid too.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Premise five --- the Chinese character system can be mastered in 90 days for anyone who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Furthermore, the premise five can actually be tested, and such a test was done with the case study data reviewed by,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Many American Universities --- data available at <a href="http://www.chineseetymology.com/letters.php">http://www.chineseetymology.com/letters.php</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Taiwan Government --- data available at <a href="http://www.chineseetymology.com/taiwan.php">http://www.chineseetymology.com/taiwan.php</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to your own review on those data and this new etymology, you can get some opinions from the academic community about them. I am listing some major Chinese studies institutes in America for your convenience. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Center for Chinese Studies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Suite 4668 SSWB</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
University of Michigan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
1080 South University</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1106</div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Center for Chinese Studies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
UCLA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11381 Bunche Hall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1487</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.international.ucla.edu/china/people/">http://www.international.ucla.edu/china/people/</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3.</div>
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Chinese Studies Program</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
UCSD</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0104</div>
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Humanities & Social Sciences Bldg., Room 3084</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
La Jolla, CA 92093-0104</div>
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<br /></div>
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Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://chinesestudies.ucsd.edu/people/">http://chinesestudies.ucsd.edu/people/</a> </div>
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<br /></div>
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4. </div>
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China Studies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Johns Hopkins University</div>
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1740 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Washington, D.C. 20036</div>
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<br /></div>
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Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.sais-jhu.edu/faculty/directory/index.htm">http://www.sais-jhu.edu/faculty/directory/index.htm</a> </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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5.</div>
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Center for Chinese Studies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
University of California, Berkeley</div>
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</div>
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2223 Fulton Street #2328, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Berkeley, CA 94720-2328</div>
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<br /></div>
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Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://ieas.berkeley.edu/ccs/faculty.html">http://ieas.berkeley.edu/ccs/faculty.html</a> </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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6. </div>
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Institute for Chinese Studies (ICS)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ohio State University</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
314 Oxley Hall</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1712 Neil Avenue</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Columbus, OH 43210-1219</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://ics.osu.edu/ics_faculty.html">http://ics.osu.edu/ics_faculty.html</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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7. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The China Studies Program</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
University of Washington</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Box 353650</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seattle, WA 98195</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://jsis.washington.edu/faculty/">http://jsis.washington.edu/faculty/</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8.</div>
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American Association for Chinese Studies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The City College-CUNY</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
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Convent Avenue and 138th Street</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
New York, NY 10031</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
U.S.A.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://134.74.90.3/aacs/journal1.htm">http://134.74.90.3/aacs/journal1.htm</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CENTER FOR EAST ASIAN STUDIES</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
STANFORD UNIVERSITY </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
615 Crothers Way, 100 Encina Commons, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stanford, CA 94305</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://ceas.stanford.edu/people/by_department.php">http://ceas.stanford.edu/people/by_department.php</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
East Asian Studies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harvard University</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1730 Cambridge Street</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First floor, S105</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cambridge, MA 02138</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faculty can be reached at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://rsea.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k77240&pageid=icb.page394484">http://rsea.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k77240&pageid=icb.page394484</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-55258217574752079082011-05-14T09:11:00.000-07:002019-06-25T11:58:14.524-07:00The final verdict on the Chinese character system<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I have shown a new Chinese etymology with five premises.</span></div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots.</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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3. Premise three --- The pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Premise four --- an etymology memory algebra,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with only 220 root words (R), it generates 300 commonly used compound roots (also as sound modules, M). Thus, R + M = 220 + 300 = 520. With these 520, all 60,000 Chinese written words are generated. That is, </div>
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etymology memory algebra is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R + M = R x M</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">5. Premise five --- with the premise four, the Chinese character system can be mastered in 90 days for anyone who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The premise 4 is the direct consequence of the first three premises. As long as the first three premises are valid, the premise 4 will be valid.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The premise 5 can be physically tested, and some actual case study data were provided and were reviewed by the world.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first three premises were deductively proved with an existential introduction, existential generalization and a process of universal proof. The process of the universal proof is now in progress by inviting the world to select 10 randomly chosen words. Thus, before a negative case is verified, the claim of the universal proof should be honored. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If anyone cannot accept the above argument on the deduction proof with a progressive process, he must accept the “induction” proof which is a bit weaker than the deduction proof. The induction proof consists of the following steps.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a. Existential introduction (it is true for, at least, one case), the same as the deduction proof.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b. Existential generalization (it is true for “n” cases, n > 1), more precise than the deduction proof.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c. Inductively proved if n + 1 (the next coming up case, not an arbitrary selected) is true.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The difference between the deduction and the induction proofs are very clear. For induction, any additional case after the accepted existential generalization will be sufficient as a proof. For deduction, that additional case after the existential generalization must be randomly selected. Thus, the induction proof is a bit weaker than the deduction proof. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With these understandings, I can now openly claim that this new etymology is inductively proved while waiting for the world to complete the deduction proof.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</span></a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-70933199347251639642011-05-13T10:08:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:00:17.452-07:00The proper perspective of this new Chinese etymology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Someone said that radicals are known for thousands of years, and this new etymology is not new at all. Well, I have shown the views of the Chinese philologists and of the Western sinologists on Chinese character system in my previous posts. I will summarize them here.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A. Views of the Chinese philologists:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>魯 迅 (lǔ xùn, the greatest Chinese linguist, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun ) wrote,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>漢 字 不<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>廢,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>中 國 必 亡 (without abandoning Chinese character system, China will surely vanish).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. 錢 玄 同 (Qian_Xuantong, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuantong ), one of the greatest Chinese philologist in 1930s, even promoted the replacement of Chinese with Esperanto.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. 胡 適 (Hu Shih, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Shih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) and 林 語 堂 (Lin Yu Tang, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yu_Tang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) agreed with Dr. Northrop that Chinese words are denotative and solitary -- no logical ordering or connection the one with the other.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Those known radicals did not prevent those great Chinese philologists to despise Chinese character system. In addition to a despising feeling, they took action to abandon it, and it was the reason for the launching of the simplified system in the 1960s.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B. Views of the Western sinologists:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I. School one --- Chinese characters are ideographs. The key members of this school are,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Portuguese Dominican Friar Gaspar da Cruz (in the 1560s)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Juan Gonzales de Mendoza (in the 1600s)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. Father J. J. M. Amiot (in the 1700s)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5. Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignani (in the 1600s)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. Herrlee Glessner Creel [(January 19, 1905-June 1, 1994)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7. Paul Mulligan Thompson (10 February 1931 – 12 June 2007)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8. Joseph Needham ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham )</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">II. School two ---<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chinese characters are mainly phonological in nature. And, the Ideographic idea is a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Myth. The key members of this school are,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peter Alexis Boodberg (April 8, 1903 - June 29, 1972)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Peter S. DuPonceau [(in the 1930s), http://www.jstor.org/pss/2718025 ]</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. French sinologist J. M. Callery (in 1880)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. John DeFrancis (August 31, 1911 – January 2, 2009,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeFrancis ) was an American linguist, sinologist, author of Chinese language textbooks, lexicographer of Chinese dictionaries, and Professor Emeritus of Chinese Studies at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Obviously, those known radicals did not allow those great Western sinologists to know that the Chinese word set is an axiomatic system.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C. The canons on Chinese character system:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. 說</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 文 (So-Wen) and the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">六</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">書</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (six ways of constructing Chinese words):</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>指 事 者<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(pointing or assigning), 視 而 可 識 , 察 而 見 意 。 上 、 下 是 也 。 </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>象 形 者<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(pictographic), 畫 成 其 物 , 隨 體 詰 出 。 日 、 月 是 也 。 </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>形 聲 者<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(phonetic loan), 以 事 為 名 , 取 譬 相 成 。 江 、 河 是 也 。 </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>會 意 者 (sense determinators), 比 類 合 誼 , 以 見 指 偽 。 誠 、 信 是 也 。 </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>轉 註 者 (synonymize), 建 類 一 首 , 同 意 相 受 。 考 、 老 是 也 。 </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>假 借 者 (borrowing), 本 無 其 字 , 依 聲 托 事 。 令 、 長 是 也 。 </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. 韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>書(the rhyme book)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a. The oldest 韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>書 currently known is the book 切<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(check rhyme) which was published during the 隋 朝 [Sui Dynasty (around 580 a.d.)]. While the original book of 切<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is no longer exist, its contents are available as quotes from many other books.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b. The next 韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>書 (the rhyme book)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is the book of 唐<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>韻 which was published during the 唐 朝<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Tang Dynasty, from 618 to 907 a.d.].</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c. The 韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>書 of today is 廣<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>韻<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which was published during the 宋 朝 [Song Dynasty, around 960 a.d.]. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. 康 熙 字 典 (Kangsi dictionary) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If this someone knew this new etymology by knowing those known radicals, he knew something beyond the scope of these three canonic books, which did not provide an understanding of this new etymology to neither those great Chinese philologists nor those great Western sinologists. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-46333338996669699272011-05-13T10:04:00.000-07:002011-05-13T10:05:15.222-07:00Mastering Chinese word set in 90 days<div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">As the premise 4 is valid (being the direct deduction of the first three premises), the premise five (5) must be valid too.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Premise five --- the Chinese character system can be mastered in 90 days for anyone who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Furthermore, the premise five can actually be tested, and such a test was done with the case study data reviewed by,</div><div class="MsoNormal">1. Many American Universities --- data available at <a href="http://www.chineseetymology.com/letters.php">http://www.chineseetymology.com/letters.php</a> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">2. Taiwan Government --- data available at <a href="http://www.chineseetymology.com/taiwan.php">http://www.chineseetymology.com/taiwan.php</a> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div>Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-46496386457946005392011-05-11T09:51:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:02:00.388-07:00Chinese written characters are, now, easy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This new etymology consists of the five premises below.</span></div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots.</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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3. Premise three --- The pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Premise four --- an etymology memory algebra,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with only 220 root words (R), it generates 300 commonly used compound roots (also as sound modules, M). Thus, R + M = 220 + 300 = 520. With these 520, all 60,000 Chinese written words are generated. That is, </div>
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etymology memory algebra is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R + M = R x M</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">5. Premise five --- with the premise four, the Chinese character system can be mastered in 90 days for anyone who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first three premises have been validated via,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a. Existential introduction (they are valid for, at least, one example),</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b. Existential generalization (they are valid for, at least, two or more examples),</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c. Universal proof (they are valid for any arbitrary [randomly] selected case).</span></div>
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Note: if there is one case which fails on those premises, the universal proof must be abandoned. Yet, no such a case is reported thus far. You (the world) are encouraged to report such a case via the "comment post" of this blog, and your report can be reviewed by both me and the world. If you are right, the universal proof of these premises must be abandoned.</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the first three premises are based on a system with,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">i. a root set of 220 members,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ii. a sound module set of 300 members,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">then, the premise four (4) must be valid if the first three premises are valid. In fact, the premise 4 is the direct deduction (consequence) from the first three premises.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For your convenience, I, however, will provide more examples for helping you to see an easier understandable picture on premise 4. If you are new to the Chinese language, please visit the page at</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.chineseetymology.com/exhibite.php"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://www.chineseetymology.com/exhibite.php </span></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you are more comfortable on reading Chinese text, please visit the page at </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/cw1.htm">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/cw1.htm </a> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</span></a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-69979565951540697582011-05-10T10:20:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:03:42.802-07:00The universal (final) proof of this new etymology, continues<div class="MsoNormal">
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The “universal proof” of a premise requires that that premise is valid for an arbitrarily selected situation. Yet, I can arbitrary select thousands of words while you (the world) would still not believe that I did arbitrarily. Yet, this randomness can be guaranteed if the selection is not done by me. Thus, I have asked you (the world) in my previous post to select an arbitrary word, and I will show that it is valid for our three premises below.</div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots,</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces,</div>
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3. Premise three --- The pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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In order to increase the confidence level, I will accept 10 (not one) arbitrarily selected words from the world for this “Universal Proof” process. Please submit them via the “comment post” of this blog. </div>
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In the main time, I will show some special Chinese word groups. Although they are not randomly chosen, they are also examples of proving the validity of the above premises. Furthermore, they show some special principles of the Chinese language.</div>
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Group one: the reincarnation group --- when a word is “over-used” (its original meaning is lost after it acquired many other meanings and usages), a new word was constructed to regain the original meaning, and this is a reincarnated word. This belongs to the <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">轉</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">註</span> (synonymize) group.</div>
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Example: 「 嘗 、 <span style="font-family: "mingliu";">嚐</span> 」</div>
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嘗 (cháng, to taste, already, to attempt, to try, formerly) is 尚 (prefer or fashion) + <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">旨</span> (sweet taste or imperial decree). Thus, the original meaning for 嘗 is to enjoy the sweetness (or to taste). Yet, the other acquired meanings (already, to attempt, to try, formerly), now, become the dominated and the fashion meanings. Thus, a new word <span style="font-family: "mingliu";">嚐</span> was constructed (reincarnation) to regain its original meaning. Note: the imperial decree (however harsh or bitter) will eventually become sweet.</div>
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This type of reincarnated words is constructed by adding one appropriate root to the original word. The pronunciation of the new word will stay the same as the old word. The followings are more examples.</div>
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「 幸 、 倖 」 , 「 欲 、 慾 」 , 「 效 、 傚 」 「 伊 、 咿 」 , 「 睿 、 叡 」 , 「 蜋 、螂 」 , 「 付 、 附 」 , 「 贊 、 讚 」 , 「 志 、 誌 」 「 周 、 週 」 , 「 咨 、 諮 」 , 「 旨 、 恉 」 「 敝 、 弊 」 , 「 眇 、 渺 」 ,「 禁 、 噤 」…</div>
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The second word in the bracket is the reincarnated word (「 還 原 字 」), such as, 慾 、 讚 、 渺 、 弊 … 等。</div>
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The current simplified character system has two simplifications.</div>
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1. Reducing the number of strokes of the traditional characters.</div>
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2. Eradicating all those reincarnated words. They do not know why many words have so many “not needed” synonyms, as they do not know the reason for their construction.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-27722286212356590642011-05-09T09:51:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:04:16.788-07:00The universal (final) proof of this new etymology<div class="MsoNormal">
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With the previous posts, the universal (final) proof of this new etymology is, now, complete for the following three premises,</div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots,</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces,</div>
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3. Premise three --- The pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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Universal proof --- for an arbitrary selected Chinese character, the three premises above are true and valid.</div>
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That is, you (the reader) can arbitrarily select a Chinese character, and it will be encompassed by the three premises above. This is, in fact, a challenge to the world to select a word arbitrarily for this universal proof. </div>
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Now, I will repeat the existential introduction and existential generalization with the following examples as the first step.<br />
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A. The existential introduction and existential generalization for the premises.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "mingliu";">夠</span> (gòu, enough) = 多 (unlimited many) + 句 (a completed sentence or to end), to end the unlimited many means enough. 句 (gōu) is the explicit sound tag.</div>
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該 (gāi, should be or ought to) is 言 (speech or words) + 亥 (essence). The essential words are the words which should be obeyed. 亥 (hài) is the explicit sound tag.</div>
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睡 (shuì, sleep or sleepy) = 目 (eyes) + 垂 (droop or droopy). 垂 (chuí) is the explicit sound tag.</div>
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間 (jiān, gap) = 門 (door) over 日 (Sun), there is a gap when seeing Sunlight through the door. 見 (jiàn, seeing) is the implicit sound tag.</div>
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盲 (máng, blind) is 亡 (lost or dead) 目 (eyes), 忙 (máng, busy) is the implicit sound tag.</div>
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B. Most of the following words are parts of the mutated system. I am giving them out here as some tests for the readers.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">1. 乎</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">呼</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">2. 姊</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">弟</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">第</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">3. 前</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">慈</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">首</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">4. 叔</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">椒</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">5. 卬</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">迎</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">仰</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">抑</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">昂</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">6. 攸</span> , <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">絛</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">條</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">修</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">倏</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">悠</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "mingliu";">焂</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">筱</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">脩</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">7. 最</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">8. 鏡</span></div>
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Of course, you can always select a word of your own as the challenge for this universal proof.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-19012454728918706232011-05-08T10:57:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:06:18.140-07:00Chinese character’s sound tag revisited<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">The five premises of this new etymology are related to one another. That is, the validity of one is dependent upon the validity of others.</span></div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots.</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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3. Premise three --- The pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Premise four --- an etymology memory algebra,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with only 220 root words (R), it generates 300 commonly used compound roots (also as sound modules, M). Thus, R + M = 220 + 300 = 520. With these 520, all 60,000 Chinese written words are generated. That is, </div>
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etymology memory algebra is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R + M = R x M</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">5. Premise five --- with the premise four, the Chinese character system can be mastered in 90 days for anyone who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">After the introduction of two subsystems,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">a. an original axiomatic system,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">b. a mutated system,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">the universal proof for premise 1 and 2 will be complete after we show the validity of the premise 3 (the merging of the written with the verbal), and this will be the central point now.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">A. The scope of the Chinese verbal universe:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">i. The Chinese verbal universe consists of, at least, 8 subsystems (Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min, Southern Min, Hsiang, Kan, Wu, etc.) while each of them has a few more dialects.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">ii. While these subsystems are, often, mutually unintelligible phonologically among one another, the scope of each system is wholly defined and demarcated by the same </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">韻</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">書</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">(the rhyme book). That is, the scope of these systems are completely isomorphic to one another.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">iii. In each subsystem, it encompasses only, maximally, 250 four-tones, that is, 1,000 distinguishable sounds (phonemes). Of course, the issues of homonyms (similar-sounding words, often with the same spelling with different meaning) and homophones (having the same sound but differs in spelling, origin and meaning) became major issues to be resolved in the language.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">B. The accommodating the verbal by the written character system:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">i. The written system begins with a set of roots, 220 of them.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">ii. With these roots, 300 base sound modules are constructed.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> a. When a root became a standalone character, it acquires a “sound” of its own.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> b. When a root is a part of a composed character, it becomes silent, even though it might have a phonetic value while it is a standalone character.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> c. The phonetic value of the sound modules is assigned (as sound roots). The assignment is not arbitrary, but it is an issue beyond the scope of this discussion now.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">iii. The attaching the phonetic value to each character was not an afterthought.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was done at the beginning, that is, a sound module played a part at the beginning of the character construction. Thus, every character carries a sound tag either explicitly or implicitly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, this is the premise 3,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>t</span>he pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces. I have shown the “explicit” sound tag cases.</div>
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a. As a standalone word, that root has its own sound. In general, this sound will not become a sound tag.</div>
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b. As a sound module, it has its own sound.</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> c. The sound module becomes an explicit sound tag of a composed character. In general, there are three groups in this situation.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> 1. The </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">字</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(pointing or assigning), such as, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">傢, 俱. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">The phonetic value of the character of this group is identical to its sound tag.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> 2. The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">形</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聲</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">字</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(phonetic loan), such as,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鴨</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鸚</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鵡</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鵬</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鶯</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鷗</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">) ,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鰱</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鮭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鱔</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">), etc.,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> The phonetic value of the character of this group is identical to its sound tag.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">會</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">意</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">字</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sense determinators), the phonetic value of the sound tag of this group has a span of values, such as,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> a. The characters have the identical phonetic value, such as,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (志 、 誌 、 痣 ),</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (妻 、 悽 、 棲 、 淒 、 萋).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> b. The sound tag has a span of values, according to the rules of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">韻</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">書</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">(the rhyme book), such as,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遛</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">廇</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">瘤</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">餾</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">飀</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">塯</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">溜</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">榴</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">),</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">妴</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">怨</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">苑</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">駌</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鴛</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">),</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">倦</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">惓</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">埢</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">犈</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">捲</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">睠</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">綣</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">棬</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">腃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圈</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">All the above were discussed before, this is just a summary and a review. Yet, there is one the most important issue which was never discussed before, the implicit sound tag.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Many characters have no explicit sound tag, such as, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">祭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> or </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">贏</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> . How can we read their sounds from their faces? Yet, it is easy to read their meanings from their faces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">祭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> ( an offering ceremony to gods or ancestors) is </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">又</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (hand) holding </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (meat) while asking the answers or signs (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">示</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> ) from above.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">祭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is an offering ceremony to gods or ancestors with offered foods, that is, asking gods to get into the seats to enjoy the offering.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The word </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">即 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">means "ready to be seated.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Would you be surprised if the pronunciation of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">祭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is identical to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">即</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">贏</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> ( winning) is </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">亡</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (disappear or death) over </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">口</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (mouth or people) over </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (meat), </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">貝</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (treasure) and </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">丸</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> (an elixir pill). With so many treasures while no other (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">亡</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">口</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> ) can share it, it must mean winning. Yet, the word<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">盈</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is a filled up or over flowed dish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the static scene of the word<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">贏</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is the same as an overflow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, would you be surprised if the pronunciation of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">贏</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is identical to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">盈</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">With two examples, I have showed the existential generalization for the premise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, there is the law 5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Law 5 --- Any character which does not carry an explicit sound tag will pronounce the same as its<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">轉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">註</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">字</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (synonymized word).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With this law 5, this new etymology is basically complete, and the universal proof for the first three premises can be done.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-89000823241039395772011-05-07T09:46:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:08:03.872-07:00The mutations of Chinese characters<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first two premises of this new etymology are,</span></div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots,</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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In my previous posts, I did prove these two premises with both existential introduction (that is, with one example) and existential generalization (with, at least, two or more examples). However, for a final proof, I need to show a universal proof, that is, these premises are valid for an arbitrarily selected word. Yet, t<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">he chance for you (the reader) to do this universal proof yourselves for the following words is almost nil, let alone to say any arbitrary word, although you have learned about this axiom system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">1. 乎</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">呼</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">2. 姊</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">弟</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">第</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">3. 前</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">慈</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">首</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">4. 叔</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">椒</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">5. 卬</span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">迎</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">仰</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">抑</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">昂</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">6. 攸</span> , <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">絛</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">條</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">修</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">倏</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">悠</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">焂</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">筱</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">脩</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">7. 最</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">8. 鏡</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">The fact is that the Chinese character set, now, has two subsystems,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">a. the original axiomatic system,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">b. a mutated system.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">After over 2,000 years of evolution, the Chinese character set did acquire a huge mutated subsystem. Without knowing this mutated system, the universal proof becomes impossible. I will list some major mutation pathways here.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">a. By fusion: I have showed some simple examples before, such as,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">並</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the fusion of </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">立</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">立</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兼</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the fusion of </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">秉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">秉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雨</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the fusion of </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">天</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">水</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> .</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Via diverging mutation, such as,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">犬</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">犬</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">犯</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戾</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狀</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">吠</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狁</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狂</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狄</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狎</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狐</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">狗</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">网</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">网</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">罪</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">罩</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">罰</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">罔</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">岡</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>--- the radical </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肚</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肛</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肝</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">育</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肥</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">腐</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臠</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">昔</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">火</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">火</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">煇</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">炬</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">煮</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">篜</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">煎</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">烹</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">光</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">水</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">水</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">永</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">暴</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雨</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">泉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">泰</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">懷</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">況</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">流</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">滾</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">涼</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">必</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忐</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忑</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">志</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忘</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">怕</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">悄</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忖</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忙</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忡</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忝</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">In these examples, we can see that one radical can mutate into a few different variants. This type of mutation is known to most of the Chinese people. But, there are enough cases which are unknown to the common folk, such as </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">昔 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">has the radical of </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肉</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恭</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> has the radical of 心</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> and 懷</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> has the radical of </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">水</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">c. Via converging mutation, such as, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">The look-like radical in (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">肌</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">前</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">) are three different roots.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">The look-like radical in (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">股</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">几</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鳧</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">) are three different roots.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">The look-like radical in (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">音</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">杳</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">) are three different roots.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">This is the most difficult issue in the Chinese etymology. This is 100% knowledge-based. There is no chance of any kind that one can decode this type of mutation with computer analysis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">d. Via insertion, such as,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">行</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">行</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">術</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衛</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衙</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">銜</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衍</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衒</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衖</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衝</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">街</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衡</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衢</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衣</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> --- the radical </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衣</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is in all these words (</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">裔</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">裝</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">製</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">裴</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">襲</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">裘</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哀</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衰</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">衷</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">裹</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">褒</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">襄</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">While some insertions are very obvious, some are not.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">e. Via multiple pathways, such as,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">黃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is the insertion of 田</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> into </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">光</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">. This takes more topological work to see the transformation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">漢</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> is </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">水</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> +<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">黃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">, meaning “Yellow water” which is, now, the name for Chinese race. Again, the topological transformation of 黃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> takes some detailed analysis.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">e. There are many more different mutation pathways, and I will discuss them in due time.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</span></a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-18510867093445609252011-05-06T10:17:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:12:19.798-07:00Proper prospective of this new Chinese etymology<div class="MsoNormal">
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After the publication of this new Chinese etymology, there are two types of comments on it.</div>
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1. Comment one ---Your few examples of showing that the meaning of a Chinese character can be read out from its face are not enough to prove a premise which must be examined for every word. </div>
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Answer --- In the book “Chinese Etymology” (US copyright TX 6-917-909), it lists about 8,000 examples, and the book is available at <a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/cw3.htm">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/cw3.htm</a></div>
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However, a premise must be proved with either deduction or induction for any theory. I have shown this premise with existential introduction and with existential generalization. The next step is to show the universal proof which will be discussed in the future posts.</div>
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2. Comment two --- Your theory is nothing new, as the radicals and 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (six ways of constructing Chinese words) were known for over 2,000 years. </div>
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Answer --- In the previous posts, I have shown,</div>
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a. The author of <span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> (So-Wen) wrote, “the <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> was taught before the time of Confucius but was lost before that time.” The fact that Confucius did not ever discuss 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> is a circumstantial evidence for the above statement. That is, no one in the past 2,000 years truly understood the substance of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> before the publication of the book “Chinese Word Roots and Grammar” (US copyright TX 6-514-465).</div>
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b. The concept of radical in the book 說 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> and the 康 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典</span> (kangsi dictionary) did not lead to an understanding for Chinese character set to be a root-based axiomatic system for all those years since their publications. The facts that all those great Chinese philologists (<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">魯</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">迅</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">錢</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">玄</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">同</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">胡</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">適</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">林</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">語</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">堂</span>, etc.) despised the Chinese character set and that the debates among all those great Western sinologists (Matteo Ricci, Herrlee Glessner Creel, F.S.C. Northrop, ... or, Peter S. DuPonceau, John DeFrancis, J. Marshall Unger, etc. ) did not emphasize the concept of radical is the direct evidence that the “old” concept of radical did not point out that Chinese word set is a root-based axiomatic system.</div>
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c. I have also showed that the scope of this new etymology is much bigger than 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> which is, in fact, a small subsystem of this new etymology.</div>
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i. <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> did not encompass a set of sound modules.</div>
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ii. <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> did not make the sound module as an intrinsic part of constructing characters, except for the group of 形 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> (phonetic loan) words. </div>
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iii. The 220 roots in this new etymology are significantly different from the 214 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙 部</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">首 (</span>leading radicals).</div>
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With these two comments being answered, we, now, can move on to make the universal proof of the five premises.</div>
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1. Premise one --- All (each and every) Chinese words (characters) are composed of from a set of word roots.</div>
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2. Premise two --- The meaning of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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3. Premise three --- The pronunciation of all Chinese words can be read out from their faces.</div>
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4. Premise four --- an etymology memory algebra, with only 220 root words (R), it generates 300 commonly used compound roots (also as sound modules, M). Thus, R + M = 220 + 300 = 520. With these 520, all 60,000 Chinese written words are generated. That is, </div>
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etymology memory algebra is R + M = R x M</div>
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5. Premise five --- with the premise four, the Chinese character system can be mastered in 90 days for anyone who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</div>
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Then, can the first premise be universally proved, that is, an arbitrary selected character meets the premise one? Can you (the reader) read the meaning of the following words out from their faces? The chance for you to do this is almost nil although you have learned about this axiom system. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">1. 乎</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">呼</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">2. 姊</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">弟</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">第</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">3. 前</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">慈</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">首</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">4. 叔</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">椒</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">5. 卬</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">迎</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">仰</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">抑</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">昂</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">6. 攸</span> , <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">絛</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">條</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">修</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">倏</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">悠</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "mingliu";">焂</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">筱</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">、</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">脩</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">7. 最</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">8. 鏡</span></div>
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In addition to an axiom-based system, the Chinese word set has evolved for 2,000 years and there are many mutations which can be understood only by knowing that evolution history. Thus, there is a subsystem which is knowledge-based, and I will discuss this in the future posts.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></span>Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-56702686169681094612011-05-05T10:10:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:15:42.486-07:00Summary 3 (three), the new Chinese etymology<div class="MsoNormal">
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This blog has two objectives.</div>
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1. To show that the Chinese character set is a root-based axiomatic system.</div>
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2. To show that the Chinese character set can be mastered in 90 days for a student who knows not a single Chinese character at the beginning.</div>
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I have shown the six canonic sentences of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (six ways of constructing Chinese words) which were documented in the book of 說 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> (So-Wen). Then, I reinvented a detailed content for 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> and showed that that reinvention does fit the old descriptions. </div>
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The concept of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (even in its status of no content) has pointed out that Chinese character set is a composite set, made of 文 (pictographs or ideographs) and 字 (composite of <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span>). Thus, if you are still in the camp of those Chinese philologists (such as, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">魯</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">迅</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">錢</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">玄</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">同</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">胡</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">適</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">林</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">語</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">堂</span>, etc.) or still in the camp of those Western sinologists (such as, Matteo Ricci, Herrlee Glessner Creel, F.S.C. Northrop, ... or, Peter S. DuPonceau, John DeFrancis, J. Marshall Unger, etc. ), then I will not try to convince you any further. Otherwise, welcome to this blog and please read on.</div>
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While 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> did show that Chinese character set is an axiomatic system, it is still significantly different from this new etymology. <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> showed six ways of constructing Chinese words, that is, Chinese words are classified into six groups. Except for the group of 形 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> (phonetic loan) or of 假 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">借</span> (borrowing) explicitly talked about the phonetics of words, no phonological discussion was given to any other groups. Yet, all (each and every) Chinese words do have, at least, one phonetic value. In the book of 說 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> (So-Wen), the phonetic value of every word was pointed out. Yet, that phonetic value did not play a major part in 說 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> for the word meaning inferring process. </div>
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In this new Chinese etymology, the axiomatic system is structured differently.</div>
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1. There is a root set, 220 members.</div>
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2. There is a sound module set, about 500 members. The sound modules are made of from roots. However, their phonetic values are assigned, not arising from the composing roots.</div>
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3. Every character has 4 dimensions,</div>
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i. the word form, composed of from roots and/or sound modules,</div>
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ii. the word sound, arose from its sound module or from a special rule,</div>
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iii. the word meaning, arose from an inferring process among its composing parts (roots and/or sound module),</div>
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iv. the word usage, depending on the interactions among other words.</div>
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The dimension i and ii are base (or variable) dimensions (as domain), which construct the word. The dimension iii and iv are result (dependent variable) dimensions (as a range).</div>
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4. Some rules,</div>
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a. Roots are silent in their composing words. Note: when a root is a standalone word, it does have a phonetic value of its own. However, it becomes silent when it is a part of another word.</div>
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b. The sound module plays two roles in the word meaning inferring process.</div>
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i. If its phonetic value plays a major role, it produces a word similar to a <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">形</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> (phonetic loan) word.</div>
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ii. If its semantic value plays a major role, it produces a word similar to a <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">會</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">意</span> (sense determinators) word. In this case, the sound module has a span of phonetic values. The way of the span is determined by its 聲 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> (consonant) or 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> (vowel). </div>
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Note: some words do not have an explicit sound module. They follow a special rule which will be discussed later.</div>
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c. Ways of inferring the meaning of any word, the six-step procedure,</div>
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1. Step A --- the word</div>
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2. Step B --- the dissection of the word. The word should be dissected to its semantic parts (roots, compound roots, radicals, etc.), not all the way to root level.</div>
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3. Step C --- read out a static scene. Those semantic parts form a static scene.</div>
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4. Step D --- decoding. Read out a meaning from this static scene. This is the original meaning for the word. There is a set of reading procedure for this.</div>
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5. Step E --- the usage or the current meaning. The usage of a word can be quite different from its original meaning. The current meaning of a word can be looked up in an (any) dictionary.<br />
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6. Step F --- the inferring pathway from D to E. There are many pathways on this. The followings are the major ones.<br />
a. Direct --- D ~ E. There is not much difference between D and E.<br />
b. One step consequence --- D to E. This step is intuitive or easily understood.<br />
c. Many step consequence --- D to and to E. These steps might involve culture (philosophy, history, etc.) knowledge.<br />
d. Phonetic loan --- the meaning of the word is anchored by a sound tag.<br />
e. Pointing or assignment --- the meaning of the word is pointed out by …. There are more details on this.<br />
f. Borrowing --- a word is borrowed to represent a different word. This is the most difficult issue.<br />
g. Compound step --- it consists of more than one pathway.<br />
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The above is the major outline of this axiomatic system (the new etymology), and it is quite different from the <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (six ways of constructing Chinese words) which did not explicitly point out the concept of sound module. </div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></span>Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-34419483595134215052011-05-04T11:06:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:18:17.439-07:00Summary two, the views of the Chinese philologists<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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While none of the Western sinologists knows that Chinese character set is a root-based axiomatic system, is any Chinese philologist who knows or knew that fact? The answer is Yes and No.</div>
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It is Yes because that the ancient Chinese knew that fact. In the chapter 15 of the book <span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span>[(So-Wen), published around 140 a.d.], the author wrote, “the teacher Mr. 保 [during the 周 (zhōu) dynasty, before Confucius, recorded in the book 周<span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">禮</span>] taught kids with <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (six ways of constructing Chinese words). … However, the <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> was no longer taught during the <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">戰</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">國</span> (the Warring States) period, as the written system was no longer unified.” For this reason, the author of 說 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> did not truly know the substance of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> although he did write six sentences about them.</div>
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In fact, no one in the next 1,900 years made any advancement on the issues of <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">六</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> before the publication “Chinese Word Roots and Grammar” in 2006 (US copyright TX 6-514-465). Thus, the answer is No for the above question for the period of 2,000 years.</div>
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However, in the book <span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span>, it </div>
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1. listed 540 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">部</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">首</span> (leading radicals),</div>
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2. listed 9,353 characters (1,163 were repeated).</div>
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For those 9,000 characters, 80% of them was classified as <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">象</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">形</span>, and we know, now, that it is wrong. The book also provided the phonetic value for each character by pointing out its sound tag. That is, <span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> did show the three dimensions of Chinese characters;</div>
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a. the word form,</div>
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b. the word meaning,</div>
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c. the word sound.</div>
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Thus, I was greatly surprised by the fuss of those Western sinologists (such as, Dr. DeFrancis, Dr. Unger, etc.) on the phonetic dimension of Chinese characters. Seemingly, none of them read the book 說 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span>.</div>
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Today, 99% of Chinese college graduates will not have used 康 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典 (</span>Kangsi dictionary) which was published around 1680 a.d., after 20 years of hard works of over 200 Chinese philologists. In fact, most of those college graduates will not be able to comprehend the writing in the 康 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典, </span>let alone to use it. However, the 康 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典 </span>is the most comprehensive source for the Chinese etymology. It,</div>
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i. listed 214 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">部</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">首</span> (leading radicals),</div>
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ii. listed over 48,000 characters,</div>
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iii. listed the usages of each character (up to that point). This is the major difference between the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典 </span>and the <span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span>. <span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span> describes each character with its word form and word sound to derive its word meaning. <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典 </span>describes the meaning of each character from its usages. </div>
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In fact, the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典</span> is a<span style="font-family: "ms mincho";"> </span>thesaurus, dealing two of the most difficult issues of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (six ways of constructing Chinese words), </div>
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a. 轉 註 (synonymize) is 異 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> 同 義 (different words with the same meaning),</div>
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b. 假 借 (borrowing) is 同 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字 </span>異 義 (one word with different meaning). In this case, it is similar to homonyms [similar-sounding words (often with the same spelling) with different meaning].</div>
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Yet, Chinese characters go beyond the above. When a Chinese character is used in a way different from its original meaning, it, often, acquires a “new sound,” and this goes beyond the 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>. This is called 殊 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> (different sound for the same word) or 破 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">音</span> (breaking the phonetic value). Thus, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典</span> provides more information than the scope of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> and is mainly based on the phonetic dimension of the Chinese characters. </div>
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However, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典</span> does not give its reader an impression that Chinese character set is a root-based axiomatic system. In fact, with its huge database, it would give an impression similar to Dr. DeFrancis’: “Ideographic writing, however, requires mastery of the tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of symbols that would be needed for ideographic representation of words or concepts without regard to sound. A bit of common sense should suggest that unless we supplement our brains with computer implants, ordinary mortals are incapable of such memory feats.”</div>
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While the essence of 康 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典</span> is about the phonological aspect of Chinese characters (that word meaning arises phonologically), it lists all characters under 214 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">部</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">首</span> (leading radicals), not via the phonetic arrangement. The book that lists Chinese characters phonetically is the 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>(the rhyme book). In an edition of the book 廣 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (the unified rhyme book), it lists over 50,000 characters. However, no word meaning is giving in any 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>. Again, the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> is a huge database and does not give an impression that the Chinese character set is a root-based axiomatic system.</div>
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There is a school using the phonological reconstruction, with the rhyme books to reconstruct the phonetic evolution and to rediscover the original meaning of a character. In the West, the Pulleyblank's "Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology" and Baxter's "A Handbook of Old Chinese" represent the key works of this school. However, this school did not rediscover the essence of 六 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> that the Chinese system is a root based axiomatic system.</div>
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With the above three books (<span style="font-family: "batang" , "serif";">說</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">文</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">康</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">熙</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">典</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>), the entire Chinese character set is wholly described. Yet, no one before the year 2006 rediscovered that Chinese word set is a root-based axiomatic system. In the 1920s, </div>
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1. 魯 迅 (lǔ xùn, the greatest Chinese linguist, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun</a> ) wrote, <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">漢</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">字 </span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">不</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">廢</span>, <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">中</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">國</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">必</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">亡</span> (without abandoning Chinese character system, China will surely vanish).</div>
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2. <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">錢</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">玄</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">同</span> (Qian_Xuantong, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuantong">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuantong</a> ), one of the greatest Chinese philologist in 1930s, even promoted the replacement of Chinese with Esperanto.</div>
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3. <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">胡</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">適</span> (Hu Shih, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Shih">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Shih</a> ) and <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">林</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">語</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">堂</span> (Lin Yu Tang, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yu_Tang">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yu_Tang</a> ) agreed with Dr. Northrop that Chinese words are denotative and solitary -- no logical ordering or connection the one with the other.</div>
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With their pushes, the simplified Chinese system was launched in the 1960s. That is, no one in the 1960s in China knew that the Chinese word set is a root-based axiomatic system which is the easiest language to learn in the world.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></span>Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-83956473534269613122011-05-03T11:23:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:22:34.444-07:00Summary one, the views of the Western sinologists<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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I have discussed 六 書 (six ways of constructing Chinese words) and the way that the Chinese character system merged with the Chinese verbal universe. Now, it is the time to make a summary. </div>
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For native Chinese, they learn the Chinese language as a living habit, without truly knowing its linguistic issues which are the concerns of Chinese philologists. On the contrary, for the Western sinologists, they must learn the Chinese language as a linguistic subject and must investigate its linguistic principles. Thus, I will summarize the views of Western sinologists first. In general, there are two opposing schools.</div>
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A. School one --- Chinese characters are ideographs. The key members of this school are,</div>
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1. Portuguese Dominican Friar Gaspar da Cruz (in the 1560s)</div>
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2. Juan Gonzales de Mendoza (in the 1600s)</div>
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3. Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)</div>
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4. Father J. J. M. Amiot (in the 1700s)</div>
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5. Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignani (in the 1600s)</div>
6. <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Herrlee Glessner Creel</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> [(January 19, 1905-June 1, 1994), note 1.</span><br />
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7. Paul Mulligan Thompson (10 February 1931 – 12 June 2007), note 2.</div>
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8. Joseph Needham ( <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham</a> )</div>
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The above scholars are the most reputable sinologists in history and of our time. In their views, the Chinese characters are ideographs, and the key features of the ideograph are,</div>
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a. It is a symbol or an image. Thus, the Chinese character set consists of an innumberable multitude of exceedingly intricate unique symbols. </div>
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b. It is an ideal algebra, which conveys thoughts by analogy, by relation, by convention, and so on. It, without the intervention of words, conveys ideas through the sense of vision directly to the mind.</div>
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c. It is not tied to any sound and can be read in all languages.</div>
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Creel wrote, “The course the Chinese have chosen has also been to conventionalize and reduce, but they then use the evolved element for the most part not phonetically, but to stand for the original object or to enter with other such elements into combinations of ideographic rather than phonetic value.”</div>
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Paul Thompson ‘s view, “Chinese writing as ‘semantically, rather than phonologically grounded’ and consider that a character ‘does not convey phonological information’ except in certain composite logographs where the pronunciation of the composite is similar to one of its component logographs.”</div>
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These views led to the conclusion of Dr. Northrop (Filmer Stuart Cuckow Northrop: Nov 27, 1893, in Janesville, Wisconsin – Jul 21, 1992, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._S._C._Northrop">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._S._C._Northrop</a> ) that Chinese character system is denotative and solitary -- no logical ordering or connection the one with the other. And, the consequence of these views was the despising Chinese word system movement that began in the 1920s in China. Finally, it led to the introduction of a simplified word system in the 1960s in China.</div>
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B. School two --- Chinese characters are mainly phonological in nature. And, the Ideographic idea is a Myth. The key members of this school are,</div>
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1. Peter Alexis Boodberg (April 8, 1903 - June 29, 1972), note 3. </div>
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2. Peter S. DuPonceau [(in the 1930s), <a href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/2718025">http://www.jstor.org/pss/2718025</a> ]</div>
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3. French sinologist J. M. Callery (in 1880)</div>
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4. John DeFrancis (August 31, 1911 – January 2, 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeFrancis">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeFrancis</a> ) was an American linguist, sinologist, author of Chinese language textbooks, lexicographer of Chinese dictionaries, and Professor Emeritus of Chinese Studies at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa.</div>
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5. J. Marshall Unger (linguistics professor of Ohio State University, <a href="http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/unger26/Ideogram.htm">http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/unger26/Ideogram.htm</a> )</div>
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DuPonceau wrote, “The idea of ideographs which is entertained in China, and may justly be ascribed to the vanity of the Chinese literati. The Catholic at first, and afterward the Protestant missionaries, have received it from them without much examination. “</div>
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Their key points are,</div>
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a. That the Chinese system of writing is not, as has been supposed, ideographic; that its characters do not represent ideas, but words, and therefore I [DeFrancis] have called it lexigraphic,</div>
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b. That ideographic writing is a creature of the imagination, and cannot exist, but for very limited purposes, which do not entitle it to the name of writing,</div>
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c. That among men endowed with the gift of speech, all writing must be a direct representation of the spoken language, and cannot present ideas to the mind abstracted from it,</div>
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d. That all writing, as far as we know, represents language in some of its elements, which are words, syllables, and simple sounds.</div>
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These points led to a conclusion that Chinese word system is the most difficult language to learn, as each phonetic value of the language is represented with a unique symbol which cannot be reduced to a small set of alphabets. This view is summarized in the article “<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why Chinese Is So Damn Hard?</span>” (by David Moser, University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies).</div>
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In fact, the conclusion of both schools is that “the Chinese written language is too Damn Hard.” This is completely the opposite of this new Chinese etymology which makes the Chinese written language the easiest one in the world.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div>
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Note:</div>
1.<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Herrlee Glessner Creel</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> [(January 19, 1905-June 1, 1994), </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrlee_Glessner_Creel"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrlee_Glessner_Creel</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> ] was an American sinologist and philosopher, and authority on Confucius. He was the Martin A. Ryerson Emeritus Distinguished Service Professor of Chinese History at the University of Chicago. Creel was regarded as a giant among specialists on early Chinese civilization, and was described in various circles as "the doyen of American sinologists".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Creel established the University of Chicago as a leading center of East Asian Studies. His career was marked by the longevity of his publications. Although he published for half a century, most of his major books remained in print at the time of his death. The quality of his scholarship was accompanied by a prose style that was deemed to have high levels of cogency, lucidity, and grace that made his work easily accessible to the reader.</span><br />
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2. . Paul Mulligan Thompson (10 February 1931 – 12 June 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thompson_%28sinologist%29">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thompson_%28sinologist%29</a> ) was a British sinologist and pioneer in the field of Chinese computer applications.</div>
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Paul Thompson was born at Xingtai in Hebei province, China, where his Northern Irish parents worked as missionaries with the China Inland Mission. He attended the Chefoo School, a Christian boarding school at Yantai in Shandong province, until November 1942 when the staff and students were interned at the Temple Hill Japanese Internment Camp. A few months later, in the summer of 1943, Thompson and his family were moved to the Weixian Internment Camp in Shandong (modern Weifang city), where they remained until liberated by American paratroopers in 1945. His family then moved back to Northern Ireland, and Thompson completed his schooling in Belfast.</div>
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After leaving the school he traveled widely, and studied at the Free University of Amsterdam, the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, and the U.S. Army Language School at Monterey, California, but he did not obtain a degree from any of these institutions. He also worked for several years as an interpreter in Japan and a teacher in Taiwan. In 1959 he was accepted into the University of Washington at Seattle, where he obtained a BA in 1960, and studied for his Ph.D. on the lost book of Shenzi under Hellmut Wilhelm.</div>
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After receiving his Ph.D. he taught at the University of Wisconsin from 1963 to 1970, and then in 1970, he was appointed to a position at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London, where he remained until his retirement in 1996. He was a key figure, together with D. C. Lau, Angus Graham and Sarah Allan, in making SOAS a world-renowned center for the teaching of Chinese philosophy during the 1970s and 1980s.</div>
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3. Peter Alexis Boodberg (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Boodberg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Boodberg</a> ) in American spelling, (April 8, 1903 - June 29, 1972) (originally Baron Peter A. von Budberg, Russian: Пётр Алексеевич Будберг) was an American sinologist of Russian origin.</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">In 1915, he and his brother were sent for safety to Harbin in Manchuria, where he began the study of philology. From there, he went to the Oriental Institute in Vladivostok and studied Chinese. In the summer of 1920, he left Russia and moved to San Francisco, where his family soon joined him; he enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley, getting a B.A. in Oriental Languages in 1924 and a Ph.D. in 1930. In 1932, Berkeley hired him as an Instructor in Oriental Languages; he became Chairman of the department in 1940, winning Guggenheim Fellowships in 1938, 1956, and 1963, in the latter year becoming President of the American Oriental Society. He continued to teach until his death (of a heart attack) in 1972, influencing several generations of sinologists, notably Edward H. Schafer, who wrote a long obituary article in the Journal of the American Oriental Society that was followed by a full bibliography by Alvin P. Cohen.</span>Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-18031848471712143592011-05-02T15:11:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:25:15.399-07:00The dimensions of Chinese Characters<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Now we know that the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book) describes and encompasses the entire Chinese verbal universe. With the 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book) of different periods, the evolution of the Chinese verbal universe is also understood. </div>
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However, there are, at least, 8 subsystems (Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min, Southern Min, Hsiang, Kan, Wu, etc.) which are, in general, mutually unintelligible in the Chinese verbal universe. Then, which subsystem is the 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> mentioned above describing? The answer is “All”, all subsystems.</div>
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The book of 切 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (check rhyme, published during the 隋 朝 [Sui Dynasty, around 580 a.d.]) was based on the Wu (Southern China) system. The book of 唐 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (published during the 唐 朝 [Tang Dynasty, from 618 to 907 a.d.]) was based on the “Northern Min” system. Yet, the difference between the two was a minimum. Then, the book of 廣 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (published during the 宋 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">朝</span> [Song Dynasty, around 960 a.d.]) encompassed all 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> before and including some of the ancient sounds. </div>
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Today, there is only one 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>(the rhyme book), the 廣 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (the unified rhyme book). All subsystems, however mutually unintelligible, describe their system with the same <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>. That is, these eight subsystems are eight clones, with different bodies while having the identical DNA.</div>
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Creel (1936:91-93) says: “That Chinese writing was pictographic in origin does not admit of question. On the other hand, Chinese is not, and was not three thousand years ago, a pictographic language in the sense that it consisted of writing by means of pictures all or most of which would be readily understood by the uninstructed. ... The Chinese early abandoned the method of writing by means of readily recognizable pictures and diagrams. ... It was in part because the Chinese gave up pictoral [sic] writing that they were able to develop a practicable pictographic and ideographic script, with comparatively little help from the phonetic principle. To draw elaborate pictures of whole animals, for instance (as is done on some of the Shang bones), is too slow a process. The course taken in many parts of the world was to conventionalize the picture, reduce it to a simple and easily executed form, and then use it to represent homophonous words or parts of words. The course the Chinese have chosen has also been to conventionalize and reduce, but they then use the evolved element for the most part not phonetically, but to stand for the original object or to enter with other such elements into combinations of ideographic rather than phonetic value. This parting of the ways is of the most profound importance.” </div>
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Creel’s insistence that the Chinese words having a pictographic origin is not entirely wrong. There are only 70 pictographic symbols in the entire Chinese word system. But his insistence that “they [Chinese] then use the evolved element for the most part not phonetically, but to stand for the original object or to enter with other such elements into combinations of ideographic rather than the phonetic value” is wrong. Chinese words are constructed with a root-based axiomatic system which consists of two dimensions.</div>
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1. Semantic dimension --- the meaning of each word arises from an inferring process of its composing radicals.</div>
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2. Phonetic dimension --- the phonetic value of each word arises from its sound tag.</div>
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(妻 、 悽 、 棲 、 淒 、 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">萋</span>) have the sound tag 妻.</div>
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悽 (sorrowful or deeply heartfelt) is 心 (heart) + 妻 (wife, the beloved), the heart on the beloved.</div>
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棲 (perch, to stay or to inhabit) is 木 (tree or wood) + 妻 (wife, the beloved), with wood (or tree) and wife, one can make a habitat in the ancient time.</div>
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淒 (intense cold or mournful) is 水 (water) + 妻 (wife, the beloved), wife with tears is mournful.</div>
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The same for the words (遛 、 瘤 、 餾 、 <span style="font-family: "mingliu";">飀</span> 、 溜 、 榴), they have the sound tag 留 (to stay or to keep), and their meanings can be easily read out from their faces.</div>
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遛 (to linger <span class="engsep">/</span> to stroll)</div>
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瘤 (tumor)</div>
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溜 (slip away <span class="engsep">/</span> to skate)</div>
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榴 (pomegranate tree)</div>
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餾 (reheat by steaming)</div>
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<span style="font-family: "mingliu";">飀</span> (soughing of wind)</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></span>Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-66179213022743047982011-05-01T10:21:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:28:55.110-07:00The evolution of Chinese verbal universe<div class="MsoNormal">
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Without an audio recording device in the ancient time, did the ancient Chinese keep any audio record of their tongue for us? The answer is Yes, via the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book).</div>
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I have shown in my last post that the entire Chinese verbal universe is demarcated by the three coordinates, the 聲 (consonant), the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (vowel) and the 4-tones. By knowing two of the three coordinates, the third will be known. A <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book) lists all the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> and their 4-tones, and it encompasses the entire information of the Chinese verbal universe. Thus, the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> is the best audio record for recording the phonetic data of Chinese verbal universe.</div>
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The oldest 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> currently known is the book 切 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (check rhyme) which was published during the 隋 朝 [Sui Dynasty (around 580 a.d.)]. While the original book of 切 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> is no longer exist, its contents are available as quotes from many other books.</div>
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The next 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book) is the book of 唐 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> which was published during the 唐 朝 [Tang Dynasty, from 618 to 907 a.d.].</div>
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The 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> of today is 廣 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> which was published during the 宋 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">朝</span> [Song Dynasty, around 960 a.d.]. </div>
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During the past 1,400 years, the evolution of Chinese verbal universe is clearly documented with these three 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book). As this period is wholly documented, it is called 今 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">音</span> (the modern phonetics), and the period before 580 a.d., it is called 古 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">音</span> (the ancient phonetics). </div>
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While there is no official 韻 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book) for the 古 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">音</span> (the ancient phonetics) period, the ancient verbal universe can still be analyzed, by looking into the rhymes used in the ancient writings. Much such analysis was available, such as, the book 音 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">學</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">五</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span>. </div>
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Now, we know that the Chinese verbal universe is marked solely with Chinese characters. So, the written and the verbal systems were merged with the following procedures.</div>
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1. There is a set of roots.</div>
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2. About five hundred sound modules are constructed from those roots to encompass the entire Chinese verbal universe, the 1,000 distinguishable phonetic points. Please visit http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/prl020.htm </div>
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3. A word (character) is composed of roots and one sound module to provide a unique meaning and a unique phonetic value. An unlimited number of words can be constructed with this procedure. That is, every character carries one sound module (sound tag) either explicitly or implicitly.</div>
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4. The phonetic value of a word is used as a coordinate to define the phonetic value of other words in the procedure of 反 切 (reverse checking or engineering). </div>
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5. As the phonetic value of every character is firmly anchored in the verbal universe via a sound module and its 聲 <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span>, it has the power and the freedom to acquire more phonetic values without losing itself in the sea of the verbal universe. This is called 破 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">音</span> (breaking the phonetic value), and I will discuss this more in future posts.</div>
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Dr. John DeFrancis wrote, “Apart from the error of thinking that Chinese characters are unique in evoking mental images, where Creel and others from Friar Gaspar da Cruz right on down go astray in their characterization of Chinese writing is to succumb to the hypnotic appeal of the relatively few characters that are demonstrable of pictographic origin and to extrapolate from these to the majority if not the entirety of the Chinese written lexicon. The error of exaggerating the pictographic and hence semantic aspect of Chinese characters and minimizing if not totally neglecting the phonetic aspect tends to fix itself very early in the minds of many people, both students of Chinese and the public at large, because their first impression of the characters is likely to be gained by being introduced to the Chinese writing system via some of the simplest and most interesting pictographs, such as those presented at the beginning of Chapter 5. Unless a determined effort is made to correct this initial impression, it is likely to remain as an article of faith not easily shaken by subsequent exposure to different kinds of graphs. This may also explain the oversight even of specialists who are aware of the phonetic aspect in Chinese characters, including such able scholars as Li and Thompson (1982:77), who refer to Chinese writing as ‘semantically, rather than phonologically grounded’ and consider that a character ‘does not convey phonological information except in certain composite logographs where the pronunciation of the composite is similar to one of its component logographs.’ It takes a profoundly mesmerized observer to overlook as exceptions the two-thirds of all characters that convey useful phonological information through their component phonetic.”</div>
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Dr. DeFrancis pointed out the ignorance of the mainstream sinologists, </div>
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1. The Chinese character set is not a pictograph or ideograph system.</div>
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2. Two-thirds of all characters that convey useful phonological information through their component phonetic.</div>
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Yet, Dr. DeFrancis was obviously not knowing that Chinese character set is a root-based axiomatic system. It is also a surprise to me that he did not mention about the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">書</span> (the rhyme book) to support his argument that Chinese character system is a phonological system. Furthermore, the Chinese characters are 100% phonological, not just two-thirds.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7148467121697425620.post-85094715717825790562011-04-30T09:30:00.000-07:002019-06-25T12:30:24.464-07:00The way of marking the phonetic value of Chinese words<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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I have talked about the sound tag which can often have a span of phonetic values. Now, I should summarize the attributes or dimensions of the entire Chinese verbal universe.</div>
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1. It has only a total of 1,000 or less distinguishable phonetic values.</div>
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2. Each phonetic point is a part of a 4-tone group. Thus, there is a total of 250 (1000/4) 4-tone at the most.</div>
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3. As the phonetic values are limited (1,000 or less) while the written characters are unlimited (currently having about 60,000), there must have many homophones or homonyms. Now, every phonetic point carries an average of 60 (20 to 120) characters.</div>
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4. Every Chinese character carries two or more phonetic values. The same character changes its meaning when it changes its phonetic value. This is a very special attribute in the Chinese verbal universe.</div>
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In order to make sense of the above facts, we should first know how a Chinese phonetic point (distinguishable sound) is defined. Every Chinese phonetic point is defined with two variables, the <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho";"> </span>(similar to consonant) and the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> (similar to vowel). With <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> alone, it cannot define a phonetic point. On the other hand, <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> alone can define a phonetic point. </div>
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Yet, how can “we” know the phonetic value of any phonetic point without already knowing them all? There is a way to resolve this issue. We can zero in the phonetic value (pv) of a phonetic point (pp) with two other points. Thus, by knowing only a few starting points, we can map out the entire set. This is called <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">反</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">切</span> (reverse checking or engineering). </div>
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So, the sound (phonetic value) of a Chinese word (character) is “checked” out by two other words, by using the 聲 <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> of the first word + the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> of the second word to get its own <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">聲</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> (the phonetic value). Now, the phonetic value of every word can be recursively defined, which is an axiomatic operation. That is, by only knowing a very small starting group, the entire set can be mapped out.</div>
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In the entire Chinese verbal universe, there are about “206” <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> which forms a <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> spectrum. And, a <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> can easily go one step to its left or to its right, and this we call <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">轉</span> (rotate or change) <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span>.</div>
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By allowing the sound tag rotates or changes (<span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">轉</span> <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span>) one or more steps, it will increase the expressing power of the sound tag greatly. And, there is no need to have a sound tag for every phonetic point. Thus, the number of sound tags needed decreases, perhaps from 1,000 to 500 or less.</div>
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With the <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">韻</span> <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">母</span> spectrum in place, a span of phonetic values for a sound tag will no longer cause any confusion. For the words [<span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">群</span> (qún), <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">郡</span> (<a href="http://clearchinese.com/audio/pinyin/jun4.aif">jùn</a>), <span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">裙</span> (qún)], <span style="font-family: "ms gothic";">君</span> (jūn) is the sound tag while that sound tag has a span of phonetic values. This issue will be discussed later.</div>
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Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong</div>
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<a href="http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/">http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/</a></div>
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Tienzenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05842156512465678309noreply@blogger.com0